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Preface. Part 1: Setting the stages in clinical trials. 1. Current results as reference for future improvements in immunosuppression; G. Opelz, et al. 2. Rationale of clinical trials from the physician; C. Legendre. 3. Minimal standards for reporting clinical trial results in transplantation; B.L. Kasiske, H. Chakkera. 4. Methodological approach of clinical trials for renal transplantation; P. Landais, J.P. Jais. Part 2: Is acute rejection an appropriate surrogate marker? 5. Surrogate end-points for clinical trials in renal transplantation; B.L. Kasiske. 6. Is acute rejection an appropriate surrogate marker for clinical trials in liver transplantation? O. Farges. 7. The success of clinical immunosuppressive trials in heart transplantation: the early detection of acute rejection; M. Antoine. Part 3: Towards long-term end-points. 8. Factors influencing long-term allograft survival; C. Van Buren. Part 4: Can we minimize the long-term side-effects? 9. Patients' appraisal of side-effects in quality of life assessments of immunosuppressive regimens; P. Moons, et al. 10. Cardiovascular complications after renal transplantation; V. Schwenger, et al. 11. Strategies to minimize nephrotoxicity associated with calcineurin inhibitors; J. Alsina. 12. Diabetogenic effect of immunosuppressive drugs; X. Martin. 13. Can we minimize long-term side effects of immunosuppressive drugs on lipid metabolism? Z.A. Massy. 14. Can we minimize the long-term side-effects of immunosuppressive drugs in pediatric patients? B. Tönshoff, et al. Part 5: Strategies. 15. Induction therapy; D. Abramowicz, K.M. Wissing. 16. Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomised comparison of two cyclosporin regimens; J. Dantal, et al. 17. Immunosuppression in composite tissue transplantation; J.-M. Dubernard, et al. 18. The search for immunosuppressive synergy; C. Van Buren. 19. Economic analysis of immunosuppression in transplantation: a review of recent studies in liver and kidney transplantation; J. Hutton. Part 6: Clinical trials for at-risk situations. 20. Questions raised by the exclusion of `at risk' conditions from current trials in organ transplantation; J.P. Revillard, et al. List of contributors.