Origins of the Jewish World: The Middle East in History, opens with a journey that predates the state of Israel by millennia. I begin with figures like Gilgamesh, Noah, and the Tower of Babel because Jewish history did not spring from a vacuum but from the same deep, shared ancient world that produced those stories. From these early myths and memories the narrative moves to Abraham — a man who walks between competing gods, promises, and unfamiliar lands. His voyage, and the idea of a "chosen" family, sets the compass for everything that follows and draws the reader into the long human story behind faith.

From there the book takes the road into Egypt, where Joseph rises, falls, and rises again, and where Moses ultimately steps forward to confront Pharaoh. The Ten Plagues, the Exodus, and the Ten Commandments are not treated here as mere distant fables; I approach them as charged moments shaped by fear, power, and the basic realities of survival. I look closely at Moses not only as a lawgiver but as a leader bearing impossible weight — and at how law, in those raw and uncertain times, became a means of holding a people together amid chaos.

The story then turns to conquest and kingship. In the biblical account, Joshua leads campaigns in Canaan—an image of rapid conquest that scholars still debate—while the age of judges gives way to the prophetic and royal dramas of Samuel, Saul, David, and Solomon. David's rise and Solomon's building of the First Temple in Jerusalem are cast as a high point, an almost mythic consolidation of power, but cracks quickly appear: internal divisions, prophetic challenges, and the pressures that will culminate in exile.

From the era of the Temple to the trauma of the Babylonian Exile, the narrative shifts from triumph to loss and uncertainty. In the Book of Daniel a figure stands in foreign courts—modeled on Babylonian and later Persian palaces—interpreting dreams and visions about empires, and in doing so the story of Jewish identity begins to stretch beyond land and throne toward law, scripture, and community.

History grows harsher as larger empires tighten their grip. The Hellenistic policies of Antiochus IV Epiphanes—his attempts to impose Greek customs and interfere with Jewish worship—helped spark the Maccabean Revolt, a fierce struggle to defend religious life and local autonomy. Under Roman rule the Second Temple itself was destroyed in 70 CE by Roman forces under Titus, ending the Temple-centered sacrificial system. A few decades later, the brutal suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE) and measures taken by Emperor Hadrian—among them the renaming of the province—further crushed hopes for Jewish political autonomy.

At the same time, currents already visible in Second Temple literature were reshaping Jewish life. The Dead Sea Scrolls (texts dating roughly from the third century BCE through the first century CE) preserve the anxieties, sectarian debates, and apocalyptic expectations of the period. Those texts, together with the shock of conquest and exile, helped push Jewish community life toward new forms—centered more on law, texts, and local institutions like synagogues—rather than on kings and armies.

The final chapters trace what comes after. I follow the rise of Ashkenazi Jewry — and the divergent journeys of Ashkenaz and Sepharad — into the hard realities of money, work, and survival in the Jewish Diaspora.

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