Description

Calf mortality rate in 2007 in Peshawar (Pakistan) was 17.98% (Khan et al., 2007). Major causes of mortality of neonatal calves were the conditions like diarrhea and pneumonia (Khan et al., 2009, Shimizu and Nagatoma 1978). The neonatal calf mortality in the first month of age is more than 80% of the total mortality in calves (Jenny et al., 1981). Mortality in calves was found due to the conditions e.g. Feeding practices, managemental practices, weather conditions, bacterial and viral infections especially those causing septicemia, diarrhea and enteritis (Blood et al., 1994).The etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea involves a variety of infectious, nutritional, immunological and environmental factors. Many of the infectious agents have been isolated and identified from the feces and tissues of diarrheic calves but the relative importance of each one has not been established. Recently, infections of individual calves and herds with multiple enteropathogens have been described (Acres et al 1977; Moren M.1974; Brown et al 1973).